The High Quality Relationship With Customers - 1322 Words

Introduction Banks are competing intensely in a highly competitive environment to offer quality oriented services according to customers’ expectations. Various important parts of banking sector like operations, service quality, employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, financing products, efficiency, financial performance are being studied by many researchers to better understand and serve the community at large (Arokiasamy, 2013). The high quality relationship with customers is the main influence of a successful service provider (Panda, 2003) â€Å"which determines customer satisfaction and loyalty† (Jones, 2002 as cited by Lymperopoulos et al., 2006). Organizational outcome such as performance superiority is primarily influenced by the service quality (Poretla Thanassoulis, 2005), â€Å"increasing sales profit† (Levesque Mc. Dougal, 1996; Kish, 2000; Duncan Elliot, 2002) and â€Å"market share† (Fisher, 2001), progressing customer relations, improving corporate image and promote customer loyalty (Newman, 2001; Caruana, 2002;). â€Å"Furthermore, service quality and customer satisfaction were found to be related to customer loyalty through repurchase intentions† (Levesque Mc. Dougall, 1996; Newman, 2001; Caruana, 2002). Banks must convey quality service to ensure success and survival in today’s competitive banking. It is logical that a satisfied customer will become at th e end†¦ a repeat purchaser and a loyal buyer for many causes. This relationship between satisfaction and buyerShow MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis of Panda Bear Toys, Caribou Toys and Grizzly Bear Toys1726 Words   |  7 Pagesand Sheppeck amp; Militello (2000),describing the relationship between corporate value disciplines and corporate strategies. Value discipline is a framework to describe organizations’ marketplace strategies, and company with different value discipline has its own business goals and culture. With reference to the information provided, the value discipline of Panda Bear, Caribou and Grizzly Bear were identified. They are Product Leadership, Customer Intimacy and Operational Excellence respectively.Read MoreMarketing Strategies Of Aldi And Waitrose1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe three core values of Aldi are simplicity, consistency and responsibility Aldi’s Marketing Mix Aldi’s mix focuses on providing high quality products that are cheaper alternatives to famous brands. Aldi’s marketing mix therefore focuses on: †¢ Product – high quality ‘Like Brands’. †¢ Price – Aldi offers lower prices than its competitors without compromising on quality. †¢ Place – Aldi outlets are expanding globally. †¢ Promotions – Aldi uses a combination of above-the-line and below-the-line promotionsRead MoreCase Study – Cunard Line, Ltd.1181 Words   |  5 Pagesoverall brand while facing the effects of a recession. Analysis Overview Cunard Line Ltd. is a cruise line that represents luxury and class providing four to five star cruise ship options. Their overall target market is mature adults with mid to very high income-levels. A lot of the marketing efforts put forth by Cunard were going towards tactical efforts and the promotion of individual ships as opposed to the promotion of the entire brand. Although most of the ads portrayed the same look and had anRead MoreRelationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Consumer Loyalty1520 Words   |  7 Pagesthe relationship between customer satisfaction and consumer loyalty and apply its relationship into all the market industries including products and services, particularly in financial institutions. Preliminary sample data (N=80) will be collected from faculties and students at Johnson and Wales University of all ethnicities, national and international students. The hypothesis of the study is developed as H1: There is a significant positive relationship between cu stomer loyalty and customer satisfactionRead MoreThe Hair Bow Box Mission861 Words   |  4 Pagesthat provides high quality boutique hair accessories for girl’s ages 3 months to 18 years old. The hair accessories are an enhancement to the girl’s natural beauty. The Hair Bow Box mission is that, We believe that youthfulness should be celebrated and maintained as long as possible. We embrace the youthfulness through our inspired youthful and colorful designed hair accessories. We celebrate youthfulness by designing accessories for babies, children, and teens through our quality materials, andRead MoreCase Study Analysis of Panda Bear Toys, Caribou Toys and Grizzly Bear Toys1719 Words   |  7 Pagesand Sheppeck amp; Militello (2000),describing the relationship between corporate value disciplines and corporate strategies. Value discipline is a framework to describe organizations’ marketplace strategies, and company with different value discipline has its own business goals and culture. With reference to the information provided, the value discipline of Panda Bear, Caribou and Grizzly Bear were identified. They are Product Leadership, Customer Intimacy and Operational Excellence respectively.Read MoreEssay Providing Quality1695 Words   |  7 PagesProviding Quality Service Vanita Johnson MICHAEL  BRIZEK HTM 150 March 28, 2012 Describe how the industry involves the guest in order to provide quality service. The retail industry involves the guest to provide quality during the planning process. They have to think about the when, what, who and how. When do you to start your delivery system as the guest arrives and while the quest is waiting, during the experience and after the experience. What does the customer expect out of the experienceRead MoreMarketing: Customer Relationship Management1450 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresenting a paradigm shift Discuss (30) Relationship Marketing can be defined as a strategy that is used by business organisation to learn more about customer’s mood and behaviours so as to develop stronger relationship with them. Peter Druker stated that the purpose of the business is to create customers and keep them. To do that a company must do those things that make people or customers want to make business with it. Thus relationship marketing is not a short term tactic but a strategyRead MoreLong Term Customer Loyalty And Relationships775 Words   |  4 PagesLong-Term Customer Loyalty and Relationships Educated and resourceful, today’s consumers are adept in validating assertions and quick to find alternatives if products do not measure up or add value (Kotler Keller, 2016). Consequently, firms must understand and use marketing relationship to develop a brand with products or services that meets customer needs and builds a connection to generate customer loyalty. In this regard, the customer oriented or customer-on-top business model is an effectiveRead MoreService Quality As A Core Competitive Strategy1115 Words   |  5 Pages Service quality has been increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the success of any business and banking sector in this case is not an exception .A bank customer will be loyal if they can produce greater value than their competitor (Dawes and Swailes 1999). In addition, higher profit will be earned by the banks if they can position themselves better than the competitors within a specific market (Davis at al. 1995) Therefore, banks should focus on service quality as a core competitive strategy

The Media Regulation Of The Uk - 1514 Words

The media regulation in the U.K. is more extensive compared to the U.S. Ofcom is an independent regulator and competition authority across television, radio etc. The PCC, also an independent body, deals with complaints from members of the public about editorial content of newspaper and magazines. The behavior of media is far more regulated in Britain compared to the U.S. In U.S. the views can complain about the content to individual media outlets but in Britain the complaints are published on various governmental website making it more visible. This means that the impact of government regulation is more evident in British media than in the American media. BBC is the only media outlet that is not funded by any organization or advertisers. Anyone who owns a television has to pay the license fee, which helps fund the BBC. In the most recent famous case, Prime Minister Tony Blair s administration became furious over a report by a BBC freelance correspondent that the Labour government had â€Å"sexed up† the evidence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq in order to build public consensus for sending British troops to war. Although it later became apparent that evidence of these weapons was inconclusive, an inquiry into the matter (which also involved the suicide of a government official responsible for unauthorized comments) led to the resignation of both the head of the BBC Board of Governors and the BBC director-general (Hutton Inquiry, 2004; Dyke, 2005). In a study of theShow MoreRelatedSocial Media Should Be Regulated Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesSOCIAL MEDIA SHOULD BE REGULATED ABSTRACT As social media becomes a heavy influence in our online presence, certain elements need to be policed, as laws can still be broken. This is an insight into if social media, more specifically social networking sites, can be regulated to avoid recent spates of ‘trolling’ or whether it only serves to strip people of freedom to speech. INTRODUCTION Social media has now become a part of our modern day society and has a huge impact on our lives onRead MorePestle Analysis of Hilton Hotel611 Words   |  3 PagesHilton’s performance is directly affected by consumer protection and employment laws in UK, as well as, the nature of competitive regulation, and risks of military invasion in the country.    ECONOMIC FACTORS National macroeconomic situation and factors and events impacting the situation are major factors affecting Hilton Hotels amp; Resorts business in the UK. For example, during the Olympic times in the UK most of the hotels were occupied and booked fully for the whole period. However, the situationRead MoreThe Societal Issues Of Advertising1729 Words   |  7 Pagesadvertising business. However, you need clarifications about ethical and legal matters relating to advertising to children. I will therefore discuss the societal issues about advertising to children. I will then guide you through the relevant UK regulations regarding food advertising to children and how they might impact the advertising of your snack. Lastly, I will explain the process for hiring an agency and how you can avoid hiring an unethical agency. Children are more and more recognised andRead MoreEssay about Debenhams1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmainly based in the UK and has more than 160 stores within the UK. They operate outside UK in 60 worldwide franchising stores. Debenhams held over 30,000 employees which also hold headquarters in London. Debenhams store is the second largest department store in the UK after John Lewis. They offer wide ranges of products such as; women clothes, men clothes, children clothes, lingerie, accessories, health and beauty and home and furniture. Political Government sets regulation for all organisationsRead MoreObjectivity And Journalism1528 Words   |  7 PagesWe live in a word where most journalists and news corporations are labeled as being corrupt , biased and deliberately misinforming. Corporations such as FOX news in the US is constantly criticised as being propaganda for right wing bias, and in the UK we have similar situations with the BBC, Sky News, and newspapers such as The Sun and the Daily Mail. In truth, pretty much every news outlet on the planet shows a certain degree of bias and non-objectivity. Objectivity is the main ethos of journalismRead MoreBp Oil Spill Globalization1062 Words   |  5 Pagesoil spill, however, has made the off shore drilling regulations more strict now meaning that the US will still have to import almost all of its oil from overseas. The effects on globalisation being both positive, as the US still trades a lot for oil overseas, and negative as the barriers for trade have increased as the moratorium and new deep water drilling prevented drilling for 6 months. Also, the spill has led to an increase in regulations for deep water drilling on the US coastline and nowRead MoreThe Multinational Company Nestle : The Biggest Fmcg Company Of The World1701 Words   |  7 Pageschocolate brand around the globe. Methodology: In order to complete this big task in limited time I have adopted the following process. Nestle Company overall SWOT Analysis: Culture and Rules and Regulations of Australia and United Kingdom: It’s important to understand the culture and rules and regulations in order to design marketing, adverting and sales strategies while doing deep analysis of a product. Australia: Australian association of national advertisers are responsible for monitoring theRead MoreVirgin Media - Marketing Mix1509 Words   |  7 PagesVirgin Media Virgin Media began trading in early 2007, as a result of a merger between cable operator NTL:Telewest, and acquisitions of the VirginNet internet service provider, and Virgin Mobile. At launch, the new company heralded itself as being the first single provider of ‘quad-play (four-service) media in the UK. It has a strong marketing campaign and its broadband service in particular is popular with British customers, with the second Ââ€" largest subscriber base in the United Kingdom. ProductRead MoreBoots Case Analysis : Boots Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations and demand. 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According to Michael Schudson (2001,165) the concept that a journalist should be objective is relatively new and cannot be applied identically to all countries and contexts. 24, mass media politics ) He argues that the need to be objective as a journalist is felt more strongly in the UK than in countries such as Germany

Ojt Experience Free Essays

INTRODUCTION On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given chance to apply the theories and computations that they have learned from the school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their students to  undergo such  training within  a  specific  number  of  hours  as  part  of  the curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Ojt Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities togo  through  the  actual  methodologies  of  a  specific  job  using  the  real  tools, equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a development venue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practice what he has learn from academy. On the  other hand, an effective OJT program also benefits the companies who accept trainees. First OJT or intern provides additional manpower for lesser labor cost than a regular employee. Most of them are all eager to learn the ropes so chances are high that they will cooperate. Employers can use this internship strategy as a method in recruiting new employees. Since the trainer or the supervisor can follow the trainees’ progress, he can gauge based on performance, behavior and attitude if the trainee will make a good recruit after the completion of his internship. OJT’s can bring fresh ideas  into the organization. Given the opportunity to speak  their  minds  freely  and  without  fear,  they  maybe  able  to  contributesignificantly in brainstorming sessions or research and eventually help improve the organizations productivity. While training the interns, employers are in fact also teaching their employees to process of guiding the trainees stretches their  patience, develops teaching skills and makes them more sensitive to the needs and mind set of the younger generation. The course of supervision also teaches them how to share what they know and be receptive to questions. Hence, theinternship  also  becomes  an  avenue  in  training  for  future  managers  of  thecompany. Accommodating on-the-job trainees can truly be beneficial not only to the trainees but also to the companies that provide opportunities for this type of  learning. There is wisdom in the front lines. Such training can be How to cite Ojt Experience, Papers

Business Diploma Phrase Market Research

Question: Describe about the Business Diploma for Phrase Market Research. Answer: Introduction The phrase market research is indicative of a set of activity undergone to gather vital information regarding current requirements and preferences of the consumers (Bryman and Bell 2015). With the help of market research, an organization can determine whether their product or service can match with the demand and preferences of the current target market or not (Berry and Planning 2013). The present organization therefore can improvise their present operational and service style with the assistance of a thorough market research. The purpose of the present report is to make a detailed analysis of a market research plan for the organization DA Gardening Supplies, who is suffering from the steady drop down of its net profit for the last two years. DA Gardening Supplies has been a successful business enterprise for garden and nursery supplies for over 13 years though their sales growth for garden supplies have dropped by near about 5%. However, the company has been progressing on their business venture with the caf that the owners have opened inside their nursery. The main issue is found out to be the enterprise has never optimized a thorough market research. Hence, a plan for market research procedure should be designed for the considered company. The market research plan The five step process 1. Identifying and defining the problem It has been identified that DA Gardening supplies are suffering from steady downfall in the nursery sales and garden supplies. Additionally, the flat number of the landscaping project has strongly implied the problem of the enterprise. As per the outlined research proposal, the issues are Over the last two years, the enterprises net profit of the enterprise is dropping. Sales for nursery and gardening sales are running low by 5% for last two years, which respectively contribute near about 41% and 34% of the overall profit. The enterprise has earned very little profit from the landscaping project. 2. Required documents For the considered, issue of the DA Gardening Supplies, some valid informational documents had been required for outlining the established research proposal. The following data had been required The enterprises performance regarding gardening supplies and nursery sales of last three years DA Gardenings sales and profit margin of the cafeteria of last three years Details of the accountable person related to each business operation of the enterprise A detailed and valid data regarding the business hours of the nursery, the cafeteria, and a detail about the products the company sell. A detail about the existing and regular customers and their buying preferences 3. Research purpose Most significant to contemplate in the respect that the chief purpose of the research is to identify the recent buying behaviors and demands of the target market for both the cafeteria and the nursery and gardening supplies. Therefore, it should be said that without an immediate market research plan the company might find it difficult to stay fruitful at the current market (Calderon and Webber 2015). 4. Proposed timeframe Considering the purpose and the requirement to establish the market research plan, the following timeframe could be suggested - Activities Time Project design 2 days Survey and observation 3 weeks Consultation with the authorities of the company and with some authorial head of the local supermarkets, departmental stores and several specialty shops 5 days Data analysis 1 week For reviewing and determining the objectives underpinned in the initial research proposal, the following processes have been undertaken Evaluating every document provided by the enterprise regarding sales performance of the caf, nursery and the gardening supplies department Understanding the buying behavior of the existing customers Having done a brief background research on the considered company For the entire purpose, the market research manager has consulted with the local legal authority and with the supermarket heads of suburban area. 5. Research objectives The prime aim of this research is to realize the preferences and needs of the current target market. Except that, the other essential aim is to - To have a clear view regarding the activities of the rival organizations To increase the organizations core competencies, which will lead to enhance the sales growth To assist the company for regaining its successful position in the market The detailed plan Research locations The research will take place in the market places and popular community centers of Australia and specifically near the suburban area where DA Gardening is located. More specifically, the possible research location for the market research will initially be the supermarket, the departmental store and the cafeteria; those are situated opposite the concerned enterprise. However, these locations would not be enough to gain a coherent understanding regarding the target market. The researchers would have to acquire relevant data from all the supermarkets situated in the entire suburban area and the business park where the companys new caf is located. Hence, considering this necessity, the individuals who will be given the responsibility to do the research would have to locate to the area where the concerned enterprise is located. It is because of the plan, which is to undertake survey and observation on the market area beside DA Gardening. Research methodologies The planned research will possibly have the descriptive design as per the fact that the main motive of the research is to describe the relevant situations. Furthermore, with the help of this particular research design, the researchers would be able to present accurate characteristic features of the target population. It should be kept in mind in this respect that the aim is chiefly to identify the preferences and demands of a specifically categorized population who loves gardening. On the other hand, the gourmet food lovers also fall under the descriptive category of target market. Considering this particular issue, a convenient project for market research process will be to gather relevant data by exercising a quantitative research (Denscombe 2014). Most significant to state in this context that the research would require to exercise observation and survey method, which are not possible without descriptive research style as two of the most impactful methods of this research are surv ey and observation method (Gray 2013). Considering the particular research design, it should be now contemplated that convenient data will be gathered through questionnaires and survey, by evaluating previous records and observation. The researchers would initially proceed with the questionnaire and survey procedure, which will likely to be followed by the observation procedure. Nevertheless, it is to mention that the researchers in this case may need to undertake the method of ethnographies to have an in depth knowledge regarding the individual target phenomenon. In this case, it is required to say that the sampling process would be non-probable in case of gathering information for nursery and garden supplies. Nevertheless, it has been identified that there is a requirement for having secondary research to acquire data regarding selling performance of the existing rival companies. It is because of the fact that there is little chance for interviewing any management individual belonging to any rival organization. Sources of the research data According to the planned research methodologies, the market research plan has decided to collect all the valid details from doing a primary research. In other words, quantitative research method would be applied to do the analysis on the obtained data. The primary research would be convenient for the current purpose considering the fact that the company is mainly suffering with its sales performance. Therefore, the company immediately requires acquiring knowledge regarding the buying pattern of the customers, which is not possible through only secondary research methodology (Hollensen 2015). It is significant to identify and understand the profile of the primary data sources required for the market research prior to collect data from them (Krueger and Casey 2014). The prime sources are the customers of the cafeteria, which is situated around the suburban supermarket near DA Gardening. On the other hand, regular visitors of the departmental store, which includes both the middle class and the upper middle class individuals, would be the primary sources. The age groups of the people who will be chosen for the survey and observation method would possibly belong to 25-45 and 45-70 age group. On the other hand, for acquiring information regarding buying preference for the cafeteria, primary sources belonging to the age group of 16-25 and 25-65 would be chosen. However, it is significant to state in this respect that there is a requirement for secondary research to understand the strategies and performance of the potential competitors. Hence, the sources for the secondary research would be the annual reports of existing Australian companies who specialize in nursery and Gardening supplies. On the other side, to crowd up information regarding the selling performance and strategic policies of most of the reputed Cafes in the locality, most relevant source for secondary resource would be the organization websites and online sites those provide statistical data regarding the net profit of the restaurants situated near the place of DA Gardening Supplies. For the primary research, an approximate sample size would be 100 from the supermarket and departmental store and near about 50 from the restaurants and cafeterias near the location. For collecting information from these groups of individuals, random survey and observation method will be applied. For the 100 individuals from the supermarket area who will be mainly questioned for the nursery and gardening supplies, the sample will be bias sample, whereas for gathering data for the caf the sample will be random sample. Required resources For executing the entire market research plan, the company has said that they could afford an amount of AUD$50,000.00. The following is going to give a detailed picture regarding both financial and human resources, which will be required to accomplish the proposed market research plan. 15 researchers for doing random survey and observation Near about $30,000 to undertake the survey and observation method in both restaurants and supermarket and the departmental stores. Near about $10,000 to undertake the secondary research method There is may be a requirement of market research assistance for obtaining information regarding the management style of some of the leading restaurants beside the organization. Therefore, for taking help from this particular individual extra $10,000 will be needed. Timeline, budget Key milestones Proposed time To understand and note the buying preferences of the target market First three weeks To gather relevant statistics and data through secondary research to gather data regarding profit margin and tactics of the rival organizations Four days (Right after the first three weeks) Parts of the project Duration Estimated cost Observation One and half week $15,000 Survey One and half week $15,000 Online research One week $8,000 Assembling the research report Five days $2,000 Therefore, it can be said that DA Gardening can have a fruitful result within five weeks and the overall expenditure would not exceed $40000. Obtaining approval For exercising the proposed methodology, the researchers would have to gain permission from the supermarket owners and the business park. Additionally, approval would be required from the management of the restaurants and departmental and other shops. On the other hand, an approval is required from the local legislative authority. Credentials It is significant to provide detail information about the staffs that are going to be engaged in the entire market research plan. Hence, it is to say that the researchers who will be employed to practice both the primary and secondary research have credentials from some of the leading business management organizations of Australia, which are La Trobe Business school, AGSM MBA, UQ Business school and many more. Each of them has experience of near about 10 years in this particular field and they are well acquainted with the buying nature of the customers. Australian legislation For the entire plan, the research would be obliged to obey the Australian legislations like Privacy Code 2014 for maintaining the confidentiality of the acquired data. This particular legislation is considered to be followed with utmost priority by any organization who is attempting to undertake a thorough market research (Latimer 2012). On the other hand, the researcher would be accountable to gain a public register prior to apply the observation and survey process. However, it is to state in the respect that the researchers would consider the Australian Consumer Law with highest priority. References Berry, T. and Planning, B., 2013. Market Research. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Calderon, A.J. and Webber, K.L., 2015. Institutional research, planning, and decision support in higher education today.Institutional Research and Planning in Higher Education: Global Contexts and Themes, p.1. Denscombe, M., 2014.The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Gray, D.E., 2013.Doing research in the real world. Sage. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Krueger, R.A. and Casey, M.A., 2014.Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications. Latimer, P., 2012.Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. Bibliography Berry, T. and Planning, B., 2013. Market Research. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Calderon, A.J. and Webber, K.L., 2015. Institutional research, planning, and decision support in higher education today.Institutional Research and Planning in Higher Education: Global Contexts and Themes, p.1. Denscombe, M., 2014.The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Gray, D.E., 2013.Doing research in the real world. Sage. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law.COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPANY LAW, CCH Australia Ltd,. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Krueger, R.A. and Casey, M.A., 2014.Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications. Latimer, P., 2012.Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. Nunan, D. and Di Domenico, M., 2013. Market research and the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.2-13. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Theory of Cognitive Development When the Greatest Ideas are Put to Practice

There is no secret that of all complicated mechanisms existing, the one of a human brain must be the most sophisticated one. Even though some major discoveries were made, they were still the tip of the iceberg until Jean Piaget came with his theory of cognitive development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Cognitive Development: When the Greatest Ideas are Put to Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Explaining in details how the process of learning takes place and splitting it in several key phases, Piaget helped the humankind understand the manner in which the cognitive process takes place. In addition, one of the obvious elements of cognition, which is moral reasoning (Verderber, Sellnow and Verderber 425), is emphasized by Piaget. Taking a closer look at the theory and the way it is implemented in real life, one can possibly understand the logics of Piaget’s arguments and learning the plac e that moral reasoning takes in the given chain or ideas. To start with, it is necessary to mention that the process of cognition, in Piaget’s interpretation, is split into four stages. As McLeod explains, these are the â€Å"sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational† (McLeod para. 8) stages; and, since â€Å"there is always interaction between ourselves and objects† (TESLAPPE), as Piaget himself explained it, the four are completely inseparable. The first one, sensorimotor stage, presupposes that the child identify an object with the help of the five senses, thus, recognizing its basic characteristics. As Piaget himself put it, â€Å"We can see that the child does not draw what he sees. He draws the idea of it. He draws what he knows of it† (TESLAPPE). The above-mentioned can be traced in one of the numerous examples of how a child reacts to a certain irritant. For instance, when a child pays attention to a rattle toy, as it is shown in the video by jenningh, the sensorimotor stage of the cognition process is reached. Even though the child does not seem to be interested in the toy much, as it is shown in the video, he still recognizes it, and it becomes clear that whenever he hears this sound next time, he will be aware of the fact that there is a rattle toy somewhere in the vicinity. Moreover, the baby will have the image of a rattle toy in his mind when hearing the familiar sound, thus, forming an idea about the source of the noise.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next stage will be the preoperational one. At the given stage, the child is not ready yet to think in a symbolic manner, but offers very basic knowledge about the way a certain phenomenon happens or the way a certain object functions. The given stage can be considered a link between the materialistic perception of a certain thing and abst ract thinking. If considering this process from Piaget’s perspective, one must admit that there is a certain artistic touch to the given stage. As Piaget comments on the given process, â€Å"knowledge is always an assimilation or interpretation† (TESLAPPE); therefore, the given stage allows the child to assimilate the basic knowledge about a certain object or phenomenon and interpret it in a way which the child finds clear and convincing. As the child recognizes the object, the time for a concrete operational stage comes. At this point, the child already has a certain concept about the given object and understands its mechanics. Hence, the stage of abstract thinking is activated. With the help of abstract thinking, the child can deduce a number of ideas from the facts that (s)he has at hand. Creating a train of ideas, a child reaches certain conclusions, thus, learning to think in a logical way. The given stage is demonstrated in the experiment with a girl drawing a tr iangle – a new shape which she is attempting to learn to recognize and depict (TESLAPPE). It is evident that the girl already has certain concepts about other geometry figures, since she starts drawing a square by the force of habit. Even though the girl fails to complete the task, coming up with a square, the given experiment makes it clear that the concept of a square has been cemented into the girl’s mind. Thus, she tries to apply the old concept to the given task, being at the operational stage. Finally, the process ends up with the formal operational part, â€Å"when adolescent begins to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically† (jenningh). At the given stage, a child can think in an abstract manner without any material objects as a support, thus, developing his/her deduction and induction skills. It is important that the reasoning at the formal operational part can be fully hypothetical. Reached at the age of eleven or more, the formal operational par t is the final chapter in the cognitive development process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Cognitive Development: When the Greatest Ideas are Put to Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is quite peculiar that in Verderber’s book, the given stages are interpreted as â€Å"preconventional morality† and â€Å"conventional morality,† while the two are subsequently splits into two stages each (Verderber, Sellnow and Verderber). Hence, the four elements of the idea remain in their places, but the shape in which they are offered is changed a bit. A Report on a Piagetian Experiment To demonstrate the concept of the cognition theory and show the way it works when being put into practice, the following experiment was conducted. Three people were picked to answer a certain question. The first participant was a four-year-old boy who referred to himself as â€Å"me† and â€Å" Jim†, the second one was a twelve-year-old girl, and the third one was a nineteen-year-old man. The people mentioned above were offered a single question to answer, namely, â€Å"What if people didn’t have thumbs?† The latter made a joke, â€Å"Then we wouldn’t know how to rate comments on YouTube.† The girl answered, â€Å"I don’t know.† Meanwhile, the boy nearly cried in fear, imagining the consequences. Analyzing the results which have been derived from the â€Å"opinion poll,† one will see that the three participants displayed the reactions which are characteristic of the people who are on a certain stage of the cognition of their bodies. Obviously, the boy is yet at the sensorimotor stage, which means that he does not identify his self and his body yet and is only learning to. Hence, the idea of taking his thumbs away seemed extremely realistic and, therefore, very frightening to him. Meanwhile, the girl displayed in a rath er graphic way that she is at the stage of formal operations in the process of cognizing her body. Since she has obviously learned to identify her body and her own self, the idea of not having a certain part of her body seemed ridiculous to her and, thus, left her speechless. Meanwhile, the nineteen-year-old, who is way past the final stage of learning about his body properties, has these concepts cemented in his mind so hard that he can even make jokes about the idea of not having a thumb. Thus, the three examples make perfect specimens for a corresponding cognition process stage. Works Cited jenningh. â€Å"Formal Operational Child.† YouTube. 11 Jun. 2007. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More jenningh. â€Å"Object Performance.† YouTube. 10 Jan. 2007. Web. McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Jean Piaget.† Simply Psychology. 2009. Web. TESLAPPE. Piaget on Piaget, Part 1. YouTube. 4 Oct. 2010. Web. Verderber, Rudolf F., Deanna D. Sellnow and Kathleen S. Verderber. â€Å"Moral Reasoning: Cognitive Developmental Theory.† The Challenge of Effective Speaking. Ed. Rudolf F. Verderber, Deanna D. Sellnow and Kathleen S. Verderber. Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning. 2011. 425-428. Vance-Granville Community College Library. Web. This essay on Theory of Cognitive Development: When the Greatest Ideas are Put to Practice was written and submitted by user Carissa E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

He had restored to Germany her self-respect

He had restored to Germany her self-respect, and recreated orderliness out of the chaos and distress that had followed her defeat in 1918. Sir Neville Henderson, Failure of a Mission, 1940.There is no doubt, that if the Third Reich had ended in 1939, then Adolf Hitler would have been viewed as one of the greatest economic leaders ever to come to power. Hitler succeeded in minimising unemployment, creating mass labour projects that benefited Germany, restoring German agriculture, working with Big Business, and overall, restoring the strong economy that had previously belonged to Germany; one that had been seriously affected after the Versailles Peace Treaty and the Great Depression. This economic recovery could only come about as a result of the totalitarian regime led by Hitler.Hitler came into power in 1932; inheriting an economy that had been ravaged by the effects of World War 1 and the subsequent peace treaty at Versailles. After Versailles, Germany suffered mass unemployment, ha d to de-militarise and was left bearing the load of the First World War. Unemployment in 1932 had reached record highs for that region- 5 575 000. Germanys Gross National Product at that same time was also at a low of 38 billion Reichsmarks (Hindsley et al: 255). By 1938, unemployment had been reduced to 429 000, and by 1939 a labour shortage had arisen. As well as this the GNP had been increased to 130 billion Reichsmarks (all figures quoted from Hindlsey et al: 255; and Mason: 150). This dramatic shift in figures can be directly attributed to Hitler: his organisational skills and his marvellous ability to unify the German people through his party-orchestrated propaganda and fiery speeches inciting German nationalism. The main economic focus of the Nazi party was unemployment. The numbers of unemployed in Germany fell due to a variety of reasons.One of these reasons being the number of women in the workforce decreased conside...

Animals Like Us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animals Like Us - Essay Example To individuals these, animals are for human beneficence, in terms of clothing, companionship, food, sport, work, and research. Some people also consider the fact that using animals in such a manner may cause pain to the animals. The feelings result to a thought of the morals of keeping animals as pets. Some consider the relevance of existing animal rights and refute the idea of animals’ entitlement to basic rights. It implies that the concern of ethics when handling animals is a controversial debate between proponents and critics of proper animal care. The essay explores the moral concerns of keeping pets and the care of other animals. Further, it recommends the best approaches to dealing with animals. For a deep understanding of the ethical concerns of keeping animals, there is a consideration of the uses of such animals. One of the main uses of animals is medical research, which gives findings for solving human problems such as disease and death. Some researchers use parts of the animal bodies such as the brain, which causes them distress. For instance, in a certain experiment, a scientist required identifying a certain lesion in the brain tissue of a cat. The procedures of such an operation is a grisly one because in entirely kills the cat. The researchers use a pair of pliers to detach the skulls from the bodies and then break it extract the desired part of the brain (Herzog 246). Before the process materializes, the animal undergoes a series of painful experiences such as injections with formalin and other drugs. If people were to consider the ethics of dealing with the animals, they could discover that such a process is painful. The foremost ethical concern in the case relat ed to the question of whether humans share in the pain of animals or not. Most individuals feel that treating animals in an oppressive manner is unethical and inhumane. The researchers in the same

Business Process Outsourcing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Outsourcing - Research Proposal Example Therefore, it will be our endeavour to figure out; Therefore, using reliable secondary sources of data would certainly yield the information related to certain cases which have been highlighted in the mainstream media. Haley (2003) contends that a number of researchers have opted to conduct secondary research instead of primary research, primarily because of the cost of conducting such a research and limited opportunities for conducting primary research. Some reliable secondary sources for this research would be the document from NASSCOM, one of India's premier institution representing the software and IT industry; Data available from reputed international organisation like WTO and ILO. Newspaper reports like; Will also prove handy to understand what's going on inside the glittering ITES buildings. In order to assess the opinion of all major stakeholders in the outsourcing industry, we can plan out interviews/ questionnaire surveys with; iii. Some ITES workers. It must be emphasised here that these workers are discouraged from shelling out information to outsiders. But, it needs bit of convincing and an undertaking on the part of the researcher to the effect that, this research is being carried out primarily for academic purpose, and it won't be used for any other purpose. iv. Some union leaders from India like those from UNITES, and some international union leaders like those from UNI Global union. This will help us in knowing both sides of the story. v. Seeking the opinion of someone from the medical profession will also help in correlating the physiological and psychological disorders. Information thus collected will help us in making the comparisons and further investigating the trend. In order to determine the possible implications and significance of the US/UK shifts in the outsourcing industry in India, an interview questionnaire shall be prepared which will seek answers from the respondents accordingly. Part A of the questionnaire will contain the demographic characteristics of the respondents which will serve as the profile of the respondents. This will include their gender, age, employment, and affiliations profile. Part B will determine the behaviour and attitudes of the respondents as to how they perceive the working in graveyard shifts Part C will assess and identify the possible impl

Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park Term Paper

Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park - Term Paper Example Wildlife and forest management is essential to preserve its natural beauty and to maintain the ecological processes within. However, there are many factors that affect the wildlife and the forest as industrialization is boosting in the realms of China’s borders. Despite the fact that the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station is producing clean energy, it ironically has caused several alterations to the ecological system of the Kanbula Forest. This paper aims to 1) provide an exposition about the characteristics of the Kanbula National Park; 2) determine the impact of Lijiaxia Hydro Power Plant to the ecological process within Kanbula National Park and; 3) propose several ways of wildlife and forest management while taking into consideration the present condition of the Kanbula National Park. Introduction Forest ecosystem consists primarily of trees and other naturally growing plants. It nurtures various types of wild animals and other species. The forest ecosystem, like the Ka nbula Forest, provides people with food, fuel, timber and fiber. Other than these, most people do not recognize the significance of forests among their lives. Forests provide protection of the hydrologic cycle. They also help in climate regulation because forests are basically natural sinks of carbon, which is one of the greenhouse gases that harm the planet (Espaldon et al, 2004). Kanbula forest is one of the most diverse across China. However, most of its flora and fauna are at risk of extinction. Major causes of forest destruction include industrialization, commercialism and weak enforcement of forest laws (Sajise et al, 1996). This paper will dig deeper into several issues that Kanbula National Park is facing, and how these issues or factors impact the forest’s ecological system. Characteristics of Kanbula National Park Geographical Position The Kanbula National Park is located in Northwest of Jianza County of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous States in Qinghai Province, with t otal area of 15,054 hectares and altitude of 2,100 to 4,000 meters above sea level (Hong, Shi, 2009). The Kanbula forest is basically a subalpine forest as it is located in high altitude. The forest is also located in the transition zone from Loess Plateau to Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Thus, it is the warmest region in Qinghai Province. It borders on the Yellow River in the North and is adjacent to the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station. Huge mountains extend from the forest with trees covered resembling a sea of forest. There are deflated hills around the Kanbula Forest that are formed due to erosion from wind and sand. The hills are called red cloud landforms. Climate Characteristics Cold and warm weathers are the two general climate condition in the forest. Cold season is characterized by cold, windy and dry air, while dry season features monsoon and warm and humid air. According to meteorological data records, the average temperature of the forest is 1 to 2.9 °C (Wu, 2007). The warmest month (July) has a daily temperature of 11.5-13.4 °C. The coldest month (January) has average daily temperature -12-10.1 °C(Wu, 2007). From March to September month average is temperature of 7-8.4  °C; stable over time through 0 °C for 190 days; plant growing period mean diurnal temperature 13.l  °C, 2,622-2,900 hours of annual sunshine hours, global solar radiation 609-647 kJ / cm. Annual rainfall is 450-490 mm, annual evaporation 1,923 mm. Annual average wind speed 19 meters per second, more concentrated in the January to April (Wu, 2007). Soil Characteristics Kanbula forest’s soil has five categories. The first type is alpine shrub meadow soil that is found at the altitude between 3,600 and 3,900 meters. The second type is the

Is Cyber Warfare the Future of War?

Is Cyber Warfare the Future of War? Introduction Undoubtedly, the twentieth century could be counted as the bloodiest in human history; man has been at war for much longer than he has been at peace. The death tolls are incalculable although historians put estimates at somewhere between 170 million to 210 million. No true figures are available but what is undisputed is the proliferation and effect of war on all aspects of society. Its impact on the soldier and the civilian as well as the economy and society or culture has given birth to the concept of ‘total war’  (Marwil, 2000). The last time total war was experienced was the Second World War which invariably led to the Cold War and its all-encompassing nature on every aspect of society  (Stavrianakis & Selby, 2012). Particularly with technology, the 20th century has seen the advancement of technology to epistemic levels where it has produced the concept of ‘modern war’ – atomic weapons, satellite guided missiles, chemical and biological weapons and electronic drones; none of which have eclipsed the older forms of warfare  (Barkawi, 2011). A new form of warfare has evolved and it is part of the 4th Industrial Revolution; it is cyber warfare. To understand its significance, one only has to look at former President Barack Obama declaring the digital infrastructure of the US as strategic national asset to be protected with the entire resources available to the United States. Obama prompted the formation of a special unit in the Pentagon called Cybercom whose sole purpose is to prepare the US for the inevitable cyber war that America will be embroiled in. The UK has also set up the National Cyber Security Programme and NATO has released the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare; a three-year study by international scholars setting out ninety-rules to govern conflicts among nations. Cyber warfare is definitely gearing up as a new arena for conflict. This dissertation looks at the subject of cyber warfare and examines how widespread a concern this is to nations and if indeed it is just a concern of the super powers. Just like atomic weapons has become a military weapon of magnitude, the world has still not experienced a nuclear war. Instead nuclear energy is being used to advance economies and aid production and meet energy needs. Is cyber space similar to the threat of nuclear weapons? Does it actually do more good that the proposed harm that is being touted? This dissertation will carry out a secondary data analysis to understand the current literature on the subject and determine if indeed cyber warfare is the new arena of conflict. Narrative The organising principle of every theme in this dissertation is layered; each begins with a general historical and contextual appraisal invariably moving to specifics and constantly looking at the problem-solution dilemma. To substantiate or clarify explanations, arguments, themes, findings etc., footnotes will be included and/or non-integral citations will be used to focus attention more on the research being discussed and less on the researchers or authors. All related studies to this dissertation will be research/information prominent. With a few exceptions, English is used entirely in this dissertation and therefore tense usage is important in the organisational narrative. Where reference is made to a single study, the past simple tense will be used. Where reference is made to more than one study or an area of research, the present perfect tense will be used. Where reference is made to generally accepted knowledge, particularly with respect to cyber warfare or generally accepted knowledge in international relations, information technology or geopolitics, the present tense will be used. Finally, the choice of reporting verbs in this dissertation will inadvertently express a certain attitude be it critical distance, doubt, certainty, confusion etc. As much as possible, I have tried to maintain the same reporting verbs used in citing research and evoking emotion in my reflexive thoughts. Sometimes this has not been possible and the same reporting verb will express different attitudes depending on the context. Where this has occurred, I have elaborated any misconception or misunderstanding in the corresponding footnotes. Themes and concepts The chronological order of the table of contents gives a straightforward description of the chapter and sub-chapter headings in this dissertation. Thematically, the dissertation is divided into 4 chapters. Chapters 1-3 deal with the research justification as well as academic and methodological underpinnings. These chapters set the terms of reference for the dissertation and elaborate its research direction and deal with the subject matter, cyber warfare. Chapter 4 deals with the results, discussion of the results and conclusion. Theoretical and conceptual framework War, Conflict and Anarchy It is imperative to understand international relations and the theories and concepts underpinning them before looking at cyber warfare as a new arena for war. The Melian Dialogue in the great 5th century BC classic of Thucydides’ â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War† best describes the context in which one looks at the international system. At a point in the Peloponnesian Wars, the Athenians wanted to take over the neutral island of Melos to obtain control over the Aegean Sea. An Athenian fleet was dispatched to Melos to try and negotiate a surrender and the ensued dialogue, as told by Thucydides, captures the essence and birth of our international system today. The Athenians declared to the Melians that â€Å"since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.† (Thucydides) The international system today is premised on the fact that nation states can and do exert their power over weaker states although some do work through a collaborative system to ensure a common purpose. The study of international relations begins with the very notion that there is no central authority which acts as the ultimate arbiter in world affairs. Nations simply do what they can through mutually beneficial alliances and discard them when their interests are no longer served. If we look at world history before the 20th century, international relations could be said to be in a state of anarchy as there was no central figure. From 1078, China was the world’s major producer of steel, the world’s leader in technical innovations, the world’s leading trading nation, possessed the largest commercial ships and these are just to mention a few. Few academics would now dispute that China was the world’s hyperpower for 800 years before the rise of British imperialism in the 19th century. Despite China being a hyperpower for 800 years, there is no record of any central authority governing the behaviour of nation-states. They simply did what they could to nations who couldn’t fight back. Ironically China was insular and did not engage in any international conflicts. Every study of international relations or politics beyond that makes assumptions about the state of anarchy and offers a counter explanation of an international system with inter-state relations and a hierarchical intrastate system. A system that we have now with bodies like the United Nations, the World Trade Organization regulating economic relations and the International Criminal Court prosecuting crimes against humanity.   International relations deals with how nation states decide to exist without a central authority or with no structure or how they choose to create one. Waltz (1979) describes the juxtaposition of the international system and the domestic system by explaining that   domestic systems are centralized and hierarchic†, international systems are decentralized and anarchic†Waltz 1979, p. 88 All approaches to international relations and studying the behaviour of nation-states begins with an assessment of the anarchic structure in the international system. Anarchy is the starting point of viewing international relations but that view depends on the perspective a country chooses to take. Let’s begin with the oldest view recorded since the Melian dialogue between the Athenians and the Melians. The ‘political realist’ perspective is known as a theory one subscribes to in international relations. A political realist is under no illusions that countries behave with the single purpose of self-interest and therefore actions and reactions are done to defend that interest. Nation states are geared towards survival, according to the realist and this can often mean exerting strength over a weaker enemy or acceding to a collaboration with a stronger foe. All is done for the purpose of ensuring the continuation of the state by any means necessary. Therefore, the only way to predict behaviour is to predict survival. Realists do not see a set of behavioural guidelines but a survival of the fittest in the ‘international jungle of world politics’. Or as one might put it succinctly, ‘might is right’. To the realist, the international order is that of ensuring that power relations are conducted in such a manner that outcomes are mutually exclusive. One party will always gain over the other so the purpose for the nation-state in any negotiations is to be the winner. Where this cannot be achieved then the realist will view this as a precarious position to be in. Realists’ view of the anarchical order can describe the behaviour of nation-states in various ways from the classical realist to the neorealist and several forms in between. Whichever view is subscribed to, anarchy forms the basis of that world view and the expected behaviour of nation-states  (Heginbotham, 2015). Liberalist recognise the importance of anarchy in the international system in just the same way as the realists. Both liberal and realist accept the absence of a supreme authority directing the affair of nation-states. Where liberals and the liberal view differ on the subject is what can be done within the anarchic system. Liberals believe that nation-states and state actors can actually come together to build rules, guideline, set up institutions and appoint various monitoring bodies to govern or at least modify the behaviour of nation-states so that they can work together for a common person  (Barkawi, 2011). Outcomes do not have to be mutually exclusive but can be mutually beneficial in an anarchic system, according to the liberal view of international relations. Through joint cooperation, liberals believe that the behaviour of nation-states can be changed to achieve a level of power where states feel secure about their relationships with other states and do not seek to consolidate power at the expense of others. This classical liberal view can be seen in the world today as neoliberalism. Liberals still see anarchy in the international system but see it as something that can be overcome through a concerted effort. Whatever view one prescribes, the prevailing wisdom is that nation states will shift between theories and concepts to advance their own agenda and not confine themselves to an enduring guiding principle. The concept of cyber warfare, I would argue, follows suit. Defining the cyber world Almost twenty-five years ago, ‘cyberspace’ as we know it did not exist beyond the primitive computers placed in research laboratories and academic institutions. In fact, cyberspace was merely a theoretical concept that was considered unachievable. Today that has drastically changed. Our world would be unfathomable without cyberspace. To put its vastness into perspectives, approximately 4 billion people are online with roughly 50 billion devices ranging from super computers to desktops to laptops to smartphones to tablets. On a yearly basis, 90 trillion emails are sent and two trillion transactions are conducted in cyberspace (Turns, 2012). Cyberspace permeates are lives so much that we use it for everything from international trade, to logistics, communications, record keeping, financial transactions to sending flowers! All these positive contributions are the benevolent side of cyberspace. The malevolent aspect of cyberspace is ignored by the public unless a scare or scandal brings it to the surface. Figures estimate that on a daily basis, around 55,000 pieces of malware are found, 200,000 computers are ‘hijacked’[1]as well as the countless number of frauds that go unreported. How exactly does one define cyberspace? That question is not easy to answer as there are as many answers as there are experts in the field. A notable expert worth considering is Daniel Kuehl who collected a series of definitions from various sources and analysed his findings  (Curran, et al., 2008). He concluded that cyberspace consisted of a few dimensions namely; An operational space – it is an operational space where proponents of the domain ply their trade and perfect their skills. An electronic domain – it is an electronic network comprising of computers and a vast network of electromagnetic activityInformation domain – it is a network of information that is not limited to a particular location, time and space Kuehl analysed all these aspects and offered his own definition which will be used in this dissertation: â€Å"A global domain within the information environment whose distinctive and unique character is framed by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange and exploit information via interdependent and interconnected networks using information-communication technologies.†Kuehl, 2009 Cyber terrorism is a portmanteau of the words cyberspace and terrorism and was first recognised and used in 1996 but became popular after a 1998 report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies titled Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, Cyberwarfare: Averting an Electronic Waterloo. The report discussed the possibilities of an electronic attack, likely outcomes and expected methods  (Carr, 2011). Three terms are often confused when discussing Cyber terrorism so it is crucial that they are defined here. Cyber terrorism: â€Å"It is premeditated, politically motivated attacks by sub national groups or clandestine agents, or individuals against information and computer systems, computer programs, and data that result in violence against non-combatant targets (Colarik & Janczewski, 2012).† Information warfare: â€Å"It is a planned attack by nations or their agents against information and computer systems, computer programs, and data that result in enemy losses (Colarik & Janczewski, 2012).† Cyber crime: â€Å"Cyber crime is a crime committed through the use of information technology (Colarik & Janczewski, 2008).† This is more of the documented cyber related terms because it has received adequate coverage due to its proliferation in domestic law enforcement. In the U.S., the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act defines Internet criminal acts (Jensen, 2009). Furthermore, the â€Å"European Union members of the NATO alliance have domestic laws implementing the 1995 E.U. Data Privacy Directive† (Knapp & Boulton, 2006). For argument’s sake, cybercrime includes offences such as; the impairment of data, misuse of devices, interception of data offenses. traditional criminal offenses facilitated through the use of the internet, e.g. fraud, copyright infringement, child pornography Cybercrime has received a lot of international attention and was formally discussed at the Council of Europes 2001 Convention on Cybercrime  (Robinson, et al., 2015). This convention is still the only international understanding in place that exclusively focusses on cybercrimes. Terrorism: â€Å"The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons (Dragan, et al., 2012).† Research Approach Research Questions This research will attempt to explore and answer three questions regarding the broad themes that preliminary research has shown and in line with the gaps in current academic research; What exactly is cyber space?Is an information war a ‘war’ in the conventional sense?Is Russia engaging in a cyber war with the West? The dissertation considered various approaches to address the questions above as well as examine different options such as sources of data, type of research framework, timescale and methodology. In trying to answer any of the research questions, it was clear that any primary data used to carry out the research and with the available time limit would not be possible or indeed produce valuable information. This dissertation needed to design an analytical framework to counter this problem. Thus, I attempt to make a justification for carrying out secondary analysis of qualitative data and the benefits and limitations of the approach Secondary Data Collection In setting about the data collection, it was imperative I included boundaries for the study, the protocol for recording the data as well as the methodology for analysing it which are all set out below. The secondary data included qualitative documents and qualitative audio and visual materials. The list of secondary evidences kept evolving and the research continued. However, below is the final list of secondary evidences used. Data from various government departmentsNews articles from newspapersData and analysis from periodicals, books, journals etc.Data from non-governmental agencies and public bodiesData from online sources Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data Secondary data analysis is essentially re-analysis of data collected by another researcher (Elliot, 2015). Andrews et al gave a definition of secondary data analysis as the collection and use of previously collected data for another purpose  (Andrews, et al., 2012). In addition, they also explained that the use of secondary data analysis first appeared when one of the founders of Grounded Theory (Glaser) discussed the possibility of re-analysing data that had already been collected for other purposes (Andrews, et al., 2012). Notwithstanding, secondary analysis is still not very popular and there have been very limited reviews of its use (Hinds, et al., 1997). At this point, it is pertinent that a distinction be made between secondary analysis, documentary analysis, systemic reviews and meta-analysis. Secondary data analysis is the examination of primary data[2] from previous research studies. Such data would include examples such as semi-structured interviews, research diaries, responses to open-ended questions in questionnaires, transcripts of interviews/conversations etc. On the other hand, documentary analysis would involve the analysis of data such as auto-biographies, personal diaries, photographs etc. Heaton does point out that there could be some considerable overlap between secondary analysis and documentary analysis (Heaton, 2008). Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviews both involve both involve going over published findings of previous research studies unlike secondary data analysis that looks at the primary data and not just the published findings. Review & Discussion Introduction Cyber warfare has different definitions depending on which theorist is applying it and which country is examining and applying the concept; for example, the U.S. military view cyber warfare in very different terms from the Russians. To begin with the word â€Å"cyber† is a completely new phenomenon that arose after the dot com boom and the start of the 4th Revolution. Not surprisingly, it has not filtered into the established rules of war or armed conflict adhered to by other nation states  (Chen, 2010). For starters, the word â€Å"cyber† is not found in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and any of the additional Protocols (it has not been inserted there). The word, in common usage, relates to a whole host of things ranging from computers and their networks to the information in these computers to even the process of uploading and retrieving this information. By extension, the word cyber warfare will include acts committed in furtherance of any act against and adversary using everything that is considered part of the ‘cyber’ domain. In looking at acts, cyber warfare would include offensive acts, defensive acts or acts of deterrence. By this explanation, it will include disseminating offensive information through computers or computer networks  (Andress & Winterfeld, 2011). Cyber warfare is one that has no clear boundaries or actors which makes a lot of the current legislation unhelpful. Acts of war or states of war are usually assigned to recognised states and combatants. But in this case, cyber warfare can be conducted by states, agents of states, non-state actors, international groups or any collection of people with a single vested interest or even one individual  (Cornish, et al., 2010).   Cyber Warfare and the legal question This dissertation started off with trying to determine if cyber warfare is the new arena of conflict. Even though I have attempted to define ‘cyber’ and ‘cyber warfare’, there are still large parts of this area of study that need to be examined. A lot of the current research already makes the assumption that cyber warfare is warfare because of its obvious name or that a few of the permanent members of the UN Security Council are making the case. But what is the legal argument to justify treating cyber warfare as warfare? Let’s begin with the least disputed agreement and definition of what leads to armed conflict. It is generally accepted that â€Å"armed force† is the necessary requirement for â€Å"armed conflict†. The UN Charter Article 2(4) provides, All members [of the UN] shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State . . .,. Exceptions are use of force authorized by the Security Council, and self-defence pursuant to Article 5 1.† Even customary law that applies to non-UN members still has the expectation of the same necessary requirement although it must be pointed out that this is only applicable to state actors (Kelsey, 2008). Non-state actors where not envisioned when the Charter was framed. Nonetheless, this is still the legal argument as it stands. Cyber warfare does not seem to meet the threshold of ‘armed force’ although many would argue otherwise. And it is this argument that is usually translated into the foreign policy of some states  (Gompert & Libicki, 2014). Even the UN Charter Article 51 still proposes that a response to attack is only justified if the initial or first attack is an armed attack. As it stands today, cyber warfare is not recognised as a legitimate war just in the same way that the ‘War on Terror’ is not a legitimate war but a cornerstone of US foreign policy. By extension, it stands to reason that a cyber attack is not in reality an attack recognised by the UN (Droege., 2012). Ultimately the view of whether an act is a cyber attack or part of cyber warfare is merely one that is only determined by the recipient of the act and how they choose to respond; through dialogue or retaliation? In addition, the judgement of the international community plays a significant part even though state actors often form alliances that ensures that an attack on one nation state could be an attack on the entire alliance; e.g. a cyber attack on a NATO member state. Not having a legal basis for an action does not in any way imply that it is not treated as a conflict or war. We only have to look at the U.S. justifications for bombing, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria in clear violation of the U.N. Charter; none of these states had perpetrated an armed attack against the U.S. The international community enjoined the U.S. even though other states had pointed out at the clear hypocrisy being committed by the U.S. If one is to consider cyber warfare and cyber attacks, then answering the legal question is insufficient. One must refer to the prevailing theory of international relations one subscribes to or comment on wider matters governing a state’s behaviour. This dissertation will look at empirical examples of cyber warfare. Global Cyber warfare: China vs US In todays information age, the Peoples Republic of China has replaced and even improved upon KGB methods of industrial espionage to the point that the Peoples Republic of China now presents one of the most capable threats to U.S. technology leadership and by extension its national security.Dan Verton, Cyber Warfare Expert (Hjortdal, 2011) It is easy to forget that in 1820, Greece had revolted against the Ottoman Empire, Britain had opened the first modern railway and was on its way to an exploding industrial revolution, Brazil had nervously declared independence from Portugal and that China was the world’s superpower with the largest share of global GDP. In fact, it is easy to forget because history has been written specifically to gloss over these facts. Western academia has repeatedly highlighted China as a collective of starved, dispossessed and slaughtered people and not a prosperous, dynamic and global power from 1100 – 1820. From 1078, China was the world’s major producer of steel, the world’s leader in technical innovations, the world’s leading trading nation, possessed the largest commercial ships and these are just to mention a few. Few academics would now dispute that China was the world’s hyperpower for 800 years before the rise of British imperialism in the 19th century. Western imperialism and China’s decline has been documented in detail which this book cannot do justice to. The rise of Chinese economic and political strength is unquestionably due to the Communist Party of China which began when the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of Communist Party of China adopted a reform policy triggering the private sector[3].   Since 1978, entrepreneurship has driven the Chinese economy and the economic and political changes since then remain unprecedented. So transformative has this change been that China is now a threat to the US in the information superhighway. A recent event in 2016 puts this threat into context. China builds world’s fastest supercomputer without U.S. chips â€Å"China on Monday revealed its latest supercomputer, a monolithic system with 10.65 million compute cores built entirely with Chinese microprocessors. This follows a U.S. government decision last year to deny China access to Intels fastest microprocessors. There is no U.S.-made system that comes close to the performance of Chinas new system, the Sunway TaihuLight. Its theoretical peak performance is 124.5 petaflops, according to the latest biannual release today of the worlds Top500 supercomputers. It is the first system to exceed 100 petaflops. A petaflop equals one thousand trillion (one quadrillion) sustained floating-point operations per second.†ComputerWorld (June 20, 2016 http://www.computerworld.com/article/3085483/high-performance-computing/china-builds-world-s-fastest-supercomputer-without-u-s-chips.html) It has earlier been argued that cyberspace is open to both state actors and non-state actors. Because actions can be taken by an individual in a state, it is extremely hard to prove culpability of the state. In other words, a cyber attack from a computer in China in no way implies that the cyber attack was orchestrated by the Chinese state. Proving culpability is extremely hard and this fact alone hinders the argument that cyber warfare could be a new arena of conflict. Having said this, the media is awash with stories of Chinese cyber attacks on the U.S. but it is always lacking in evidence. Ironically, one never hears of U.S. cyber attacks on China or at the very least the mainstream media never reports it. Despite China’s repeated denials of culpability and its demand for proof that its citizens are responsible for cyber attacks on U.S. interests, the U.S. have taken the bold step in 2011 to issue a statement from the National Counterintelligence Executive that China is the â€Å"most active and persistent perpetrator of cyber intrusions into the United States† (Heginbotham, 2015).    As there are no clearly defined rules on cyber warfare, any escalation of tensions between China and the U.S. could be construed and framed in the words of a potential conflict similar to the rhetoric that started and fuelled the Cold War between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. This Cold War metaphor is how commentators are viewing the Cyber race between China and the U.S. According to President Barack Obama’s 2011 Cyberspace Policy Review, â€Å"cybersecurity risks pose some of the most serious economic and national security challenges of the 21st century† (Solis, 2014). This rhetoric is backed up by the steps the U.S. has taken to secure its strategic advantage in the domain. In 2009, the U.S. created the Cyber Command under the National Security Agency (NSA) with the express purpose of putting cyber warfare in the forefront of its military and defensive strategy. In addition, the Department of Defence (DoD) also has the Pentagon Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace with China clearly set in its sights. These aggressive overtures by the U.S. have not been ignored. According to the Chinese Ministry of Public Security, they are of the opinion that cyber attacks on Chinese computer installations grow at a rate of 80% annually making China the largest and most venerable recipient of cyber attacks   (Robinson, et al., 2015). To put it into context, in 2011, China succumbed to a cyber attack where 100 million usernames, passwords and emails were leaked unto the internet. What is commonly acknowledge is that the U.S. practically controls the entire internet and other states are using every means possible to reduce the influence of that control and threat even though the US was instrumental in the development of the internet. For the global internet to be fully operational, it requires 13 root serves. 10 of the 13 are based in the US and the other 3 are based in Japan, Sweden and the Netherlands. ICANN, the body that authorises domain names and designations is based in the U.S. With these facts in mind, the U.S. has the most potential to turn cyber space into a cyber threat. At least that is the argument posed by China and they insist on being able to protect their national interests. With both sides staking a national interest priority, it is not surprising that cyber warfare could be the next arena between the U.S. and China (Lieberthal & Singer, 2012). Global Cyber warfare: Russia vs the rest of the world The Russians view cyber and cyberspace in completely contradictory terms to the U.S. and the West in general. First and foremost, the Russians do not generally refer to the term cyber as a distinct concept in the way political theorists in the West do. Russia, and to some extent China, have a wider understanding of information and its control regardless of the medium chosen. So, given its long history with controlling information about and through the state during the era of the Soviet Union, electronic information is just one conduit or category of information that can be utilized, manipulated and harnessed for the greater good of the state. That is to say that the notion of cyber is just another mechanism by which information is relayed and does not take priority over other mechanisms in importance just in practical relevance. In Russian military doctrine, information and disinformation go hand in hand and are tools used by the state apparatus to achieve a desired objective for its citizens or against its adversaries. It is utilized with judicious foresight towards a purpose in addition to other traditional methods and processes. In practical terms, if information (or disinformation) helps another weapon to tool, then Russian military theorists see electronic information merely as an enabler or facilitator. Therefore information is relevant to already established practices of the state such as disinformation operations, electronic warfare, Psychology Operations (also known as PsyOps), political subversion and subterfuge, economic warfare etc. According to (Carr, 2011), â€Å"this is stated clearly in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2010) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. features of modern military conflicts is the prior implementation of measures of information warfare in order to achieve political objectives without the utilization of military force and, subsequently, in the interest of shaping a favourable response from the world community to the utilization of military force.†Carr, 2011 Cyber warfare, according to Russian theorists, is just information warfare by another means but more efficient than other types of information warfare. Cyber warfare is a legitimate tool of the state, so the argument goes, in peacetime and in conflict. It does not hold a special prominence like it does in the U.S. Cyber warfare is regulated to accompanying other tools of the state but given its nature, it has no set rules, no boundaries, no prescribed limits and no real restrictions or applications. Such a view is diametrically opposite to that of the concept of cyberspace held in the West. In support of this theory, the Russian state apparatus is structured quite differently from the U.S. Cyberspace and cyber warfare started under the remit of the Federal Security Service (Federal’naya Sluzhba Bezopastnosti: FSB) which was tasked with initiating information and disinformation wars using whatever means necessary including cyber warfare. The FSB also maintains and controls SORM, the State’s internal cyber surveillance system. In addition to the FSB, The Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecommunications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor), is also tasked with controlling the civilian media, telecommunications, the internet, the radio and any electronic media. Russia’s strategy of seeing cyber warfare as a continuation of normal political and military overtures was witnessed in the war with Georgia in 2008  (Robinson, et al., 2015). To date, Russia is still the only country to use all three of military, economic and cyber warfare on an adversary in the international arena. Russia had a two-pronged attack when it used military weapons and cyber warfare to defeat Georgia. Similarly, in its conflict with Ukraine in 2014, its conventional use of military weapons and cyber warfare resulted in Ukrainian government websites being shut down, massive ‘denial of service’ attacks being reported and energy installations being hacked into. This is the first of many of these sorts of ‘total warfare’ that will continue in the new future. One only has to read newspaper reports of cyber attacks occurring on a daily basis. But does this constitute a new arena of conflict? I think given what is already going on in conflicts around the world, the question has already been answered. Whether by design or accident, states are using cyber warfare as a tool against their adversary  (Lieberthal & Singer, 2012). World’s first Cyber War No other body of research could be more persuasive that presenting details of the world’s first cyber war to support the argument that cyber warfare is now a new arena of conflict. The first known incident of an entire country being subjected to an all out cyber war was Estonia. To understand the gravity of this event is to look at the history of Estonia.   Estonia was controlled by the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years and obtained its independence in 1991. Then it was a desolate country which has been starved of infrastructure and economic development. With a population of just under 2 million, it has carved a future for itself as one of the most wired and technological advanced countries in the world. It is truly a model of a smart country with widespread ecommerce and e-government services almost unparalleled anywhere in the world. As a state once controlled by the Soviets until 1991, the country is punctuated with Soviet history and struggle. The capital city, Tallinn, had monuments erected to the Soviet soldiers who fought and died in the struggle to keep Germany out of Russia. Estonia, as it is their right, decided to move the monument to a cemetery which met angry objections from Russian leaders and the large Russian community that grew out of a 50 year occupation. Russia saw Estonia as a symbol of struggle and the Estonians saw Russia as a symbol of oppression. After altercations in the city centre following the removal of the monument, Estonia found that its entire electronic infrastructure was disrupted. The state administration was paralysed, banks and companies had to freeze their operations, the internet was practically down and nothing was working. Culpability was had to prove but it was the first recorded total cyber war against a state. Again, there is no proof that the perpetrators were state spon sored or indeed it was a malicious attack but the timing and the magnitude points to more than a criminal cohort (there was no financial advantage gained in the event) and to a state sponsored cyber attack. More importantly, Estonians pointed the finger at Russia and being members of NATO, they retained the prerogative to invoke Article 5 of NATO: an attack against one is an attack against all. Postscript If there was any uncertainty about cyber warfare becoming the new arena of conflict then the headlines below might seem ominous as they are similar to the headlines that preceded the First World War and the Second World War. And these were in just over 3 days. â€Å"Malta accuses Russia of cyber-attacks in run-up to election The embattled Maltese government has claimed that it has come under attack from a Russian-backed campaign to undermine it, amid worsening relations with the Kremlin. Malta assumed the presidency of Europe’s Council of Ministers in January, an important position under which it chairs high-level meetings in Brussels and sets Europe’s political agenda. Since then, the Maltese government’s IT systems have seen a rise in attacks, according to a source working within its information technology agency, a government body. He claimed the attacks, which have increased ahead of next month’s general election, are designed to damage the government. â€Å"In the last two quarters of last year and the first part of this year, attacks on our servers have increased,† the source said.†Ã‚  (Doward, 2017) â€Å"Trump executive order aims to protect US from ‘catastrophic’ cyber attack US President Donald Trump this month signed an executive order that aims to increase protection for US essential services in case of a cyber attack that results in catastrophic regional or national effects on public health or safety, economic security, or national security†. (Kuchler, 2017) Nth Korea launches cyber attacks on US North Koreas main spy agency has a special cell called Unit 180 that is likely to have launched some of its most daring and successful cyber attacks, according to defectors, officials and internet security experts. North Korea has been blamed in recent years for a series of online attacks, mostly on financial networks, in the United States, South Korea and over a dozen other countries. Cyber security researchers have also said they have found technical evidence that could link North Korea with the global WannaCry ransomware cyber attack that infected more than 300,000 computers in 150 countries this month.   Pyongyang has called the allegation ridiculous. (Reuters, 2017) The research question of whether cyber warfare is a new arena of conflict is probably not in any doubt. The argument reverts back to the beginning of this research when examined the realist approach to international relations. Even if one were to look at the vast number of institutions in the international system and make a please for calmer heads prevailing, the realpolitik of current geopolitics shows that cyber attacks can, and will most likely, be used as a pretext and as a tool of war. 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The party decided that China should start shift its economic focus from class struggle-oriented to economic construction-oriented, from semi-rigid/rigid to comprehensive reform, and, from semi-closed/closed to opening up.Invalid source specified.